Analysis of deforestation control policy in Indonesia in supporting sustainable development

Abstract

Deforestation control policy in Indonesia remains ineffective despite having a comprehensive normative framework, with a 66% increase in deforestation in 2025 to 433,751 hectares hindering the achievement of SDG 13 and SDG 15. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of deforestation control policy in Indonesia in supporting sustainable development, focusing on implementation factors and contribution to SDG targets. The research employs a literature review approach with content analysis and thematic analysis techniques on secondary data from SINTA journals, KLHK reports, BPS, FAO, UNEP, World Bank, and government regulations from 2015-2025. Results show that policy implementation faces five structural barriers: weak coordination among 12 ministries/institutions (score 45.2/100), overlapping permits covering 15.2 million hectares, unbalanced economic incentives (regions receive 80% mining tax, 30% palm oil tax, only 5-10% forest conservation), limited supervision (ratio 1:99,200 hectares), and limited community participation (35% active monitoring, 10% indigenous territories legally recognized). Deforestation emissions in 2024 reached 194 million tons CO2e exceeding the NDC target of 152.3 million tons CO2e. The study recommends policy reform through establishing a National Deforestation Control Agency under the President, canceling 2.8 million hectares of mining permits in protected forests, increasing forest conservation regional revenue sharing to 25%, recruiting 3,000 additional forest supervisors, and designating 2.9 million hectares of indigenous territories to achieve sustainable development targets.